INTRODUCTION
Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw... See More |
GEOGRAPHY
Location: | |
| Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador | |
Geographic Coordinates: | |
| 10 00 S, 76 00 W | |
Area: | |
| Total: 1,285,216 sq km Land: 1,279,996 sq km Water: 5,220 sq km | |
Area - Comparative: | |
| Slightly smaller than Alaska | |
Land Boundaries: | |
| Total: 7,461 km Border countries: Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km | |
Coastline: | |
| 2,414 km (Rank: 52) | |
Maritime Claims: | |
| Territorial sea: 200 nm Continental shelf: 200 nm | |
Climate: | |
| Varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes | |
Terrain: | |
| Western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) | |
Elevation Extremes: | |
| Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m Highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m | |
Natural Resources: | |
| Copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas | |
Land Use: | |
| Arable land: 2.88% Permanent crops: 0.47% Other: 96.65% (2005) | |
Irrigated Land: | |
| 11,950 sq km (2008) | |
Total Renewable Water Resources: | |
| 1,913 cu km (2000) | |
Freshwater Withdrawal: | |
| Total: 20.13 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%) Per capita: 720 cu m/yr (2000) | |
Natural Hazards: | |
| Earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity Volcanism: Peru experiences volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane | |
Environment - Current Issues: | |
| Deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes | |
Environment - International Agreements: | |
| Party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | |
Geography - Note: | |
| Shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River | |
Nationality: | |
| Noun: Peruvian(s) Adjective: Peruvian | |
Ethnic Groups: | |
| Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% | |
Languages: | |
| Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census) | |
Religions: | |
| Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census) | |
Population: | |
| 29,248,943 (July 2011 est.) | |
Age Structure: | |
| 0-14 years: 28.5% (male 4,245,023/female 4,101,220) 15-64 years: 65.1% (male 9,316,128/female 9,722,258) 65 years and over: 6.4% (male 885,703/female 978,611) (2011 est.) | |
Median Age: | |
| Total: 26.2 years Male: 25.5 years Female: 26.8 years (2011 est.) | |
Population Growth Rate: | |
| 1.029% (2011 est.) | |
Birth Rate: | |
| 19.41 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) | |
Death Rate: | |
| 5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) | |
Net Migration Rate: | |
| -3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) | |
Urbanization: | |
| Urban population: 77% of total population (2010) Rate of urbanization: 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) | |
Major Cities - Population: | |
| LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009) | |
Sex Ratio: | |
| At birth: 1.046 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.) | |
Maternal Mortality Rate: | |
| 98 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) | |
Infant Mortality Rate: | |
| Total: 22.18 deaths/1,000 live births Male: 24.49 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 19.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.) | |
Life Expectancy At Birth: | |
| Total population: 72.47 years Male: 70.55 years Female: 74.48 years (2011 est.) | |
Total Fertility Rate: | |
| 2.32 children born/woman (2011 est.) | |
Health Expenditures: | |
| 4.6% of GDP (2009) | |
Physicians Density: | |
| 0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009) | |
Hospital Bed Density: | |
| 1.5 beds/1,000 population (2009) | |
Drinking Water Source: | |
| Urban: 90% of population Rural: 61% of population Total: 82% of population Unimproved: Urban: 10% of population Rural: 39% of population Total: 18% of population (2008) | |
Sanitation Facility Access: | |
| Urban: 81% of population Rural: 36% of population Total: 68% of population Unimproved: Urban: 19% of population Rural: 64% of population Total: 32% of population (2008) | |
HIV/AIDS - Adult Prevalence Rate: | |
| 0.4% (2009 est.) | |
HIV/AIDS - People Living With HIV/AIDS: | |
| 75,000 (2009 est.) | |
HIV/AIDS - Deaths: | |
| 5,000 (2009 est.) | |
Major Infectious Diseases: | |
| Degree of risk: very high Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever Vectorborne disease: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever Water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009) | |
Children Under 5 - Underweight: | |
| 5.4% (2005) | |
Obesity - Adult Prevalence Rate: | |
| 16.3% (2000) | |
Education Expenditures: | |
| 2.7% of GDP (2008) | |
Literacy: | |
| Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 92.9% Male: 96.4% Female: 89.4% (2007 Census) | |
Average Years of Schooling: | |
| Total: 14 years Male: 13 years Female: 13 years (2006) | |
Unemployment, Youth Ages 15-24: | |
| Total: 14% Male: 12.5% Female: 15.6% (2008) | |
Country Name: | |
| Conventional long form: Republic of Peru Conventional short form: Peru Local long form: Republica del Peru Local short form: Peru | |
Government Type: | |
| Constitutional republic | |
Capital: | |
| Name: Lima Geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W Time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time) | |
Administrative Divisions: | |
| 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali | |
Independence: | |
| 28 July 1821 (from Spain) | |
National Holiday: | |
| Independence Day, 28 July (1821) | |
Constitution: | |
| December 29, 1993 | |
Legal System: | |
| Civil law system | |
International Law Organization Participation: | |
| Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction | |
Suffrage: | |
| 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70 | |
Executive Branch: | |
| Chief of state: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government Head of government: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011) Note: Prime Minister Oscar VALDES Dancuart (since 11 December 2011) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) Election results: Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5% | |
Legislative Branch: | |
| Unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) Elections: last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) Election results: percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4 | |
Judicial Branch: | |
| Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary) | |
Political Parties and Leaders: | |
| Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]; Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI]; Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]; National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) | |
Political Pressure Groups and Leaders: | |
| General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]; Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group) | |
International Organization Participation: | |
| APEC, BIS, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | |
Diplomatic Representation in the US: | |
| Chief of mission: Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia Chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 Consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco | |
Diplomatic Representation From the US: | |
| Chief of mission: Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS Embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33 Mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000 Telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000 FAX: [51] (1) 618-2397 | |
Flag Description: | |
| Three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace | |
National Symbols: | |
| Vicuna (a camelid related to the llama) | |
National Anthem: | |
| Name: "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru) Lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO Note: adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem | |
Economy - Overview: | |
| Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy grew by almost 6% per year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Growth jumped to nearly 9% per year in 2007 and 10% in 2008, driven by private investment and government spending, but then fell to less than 1% in 2009 in the face of the world recession, a sharp fall of private investment, and a substantial increase in counter-cyclical government spending. Growth resumed in 2010 at above 8%, due partly to a leap in private investment and continued high government spending. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with the government's conditional cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 19 percentage points since 2002, though underemployment remains high. Inflation in 2010 was within the Central Bank's 1%-3% target range. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. A growing number of Peruvians are sharing in the benefits of growth but despite President GARCIA's pursuit of sound trade and macroeconomic policies, inequality persists. Nevertheless, he remains committed to Peru's free-trade path. Since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the United States, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, and Japan, concluded negotiations with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and Chile, and begun trade talks with Central American countries and others. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Rising world prices of foodstuffs and fuel, coupled with strong domestic demand, are immediate concerns for 2011. Peru has continued to attract foreign investment. However, political disputes may impede development of some projects related to natural resource extraction. | |
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): | |
| $275.7 billion (2010 est.) $253.4 billion (2009 est.) $251.3 billion (2008 est.) Note: data are in 2010 US dollars | |
GDP (Official Exchange Rate): | |
| $152.8 billion (2010 est.) | |
GDP - Real Growth Rate: | |
| 8.8% (2010 est.) 0.9% (2009 est.) 9.8% (2008 est.) | |
GDP - Per Capita (PPP): | |
| $9,200 (2010 est.) $8,600 (2009 est.) $8,600 (2008 est.) Note: data are in 2010 US dollars | |
GDP - Composition By Sector: | |
| Agriculture: 10% Industry: 35% Services: 55% (2010 est.) | |
Labor Force: | |
| 10.58 million (2010 est.) | |
Labor Force - By Occupation: | |
| Agriculture: 0.7% Industry: 23.8% Services: 75.5% (2005) | |
Unemployment Rate: | |
| 6.6% (2010 est.) 8.9% (2009 est.) Note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment | |
Population Below Poverty Line: | |
| 34.8% (2009) | |
Household Income / Consumption By Share: | |
| Lowest 10%: 1.4% Highest 10%: 35.9% (2009) | |
Distribution of Family Income - Gini Index: | |
| 48 (2009) 46.2 (1996) | |
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: | |
| IDPs: 60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007) | |
Investment (Gross Fixed): | |
| 25.1% of GDP (2010 est.) | |
Budget: | |
| Revenues: $44.53 billion Expenditures: $45.46 billion (2010 est.) | |
Taxes and Other Revenues: | |
| 29.1% of GDP (2010 est.) | |
Budget Surplus / Deficit: | |
| -0.6% of GDP (2010 est.) | |
Public Debt: | |
| 23.9% of GDP (2010 est.) 27.3% of GDP (2009 est.) | |
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices): | |
| 1.5% (2010 est.) 2.9% (2009 est.) Note: data are for metropolitan Lima | |
Central Bank Discount Rate: | |
| 3.8% (31 December 2010) 2.05% (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate: | |
| 18.975% (31 December 2010 est.) 21.033% (31 December 2009 est.) Note: domestic currency lending rate | |
Stock of Money: | |
| $15.48 billion (31 December 2008) $14.66 billion (31 December 2007) | |
Stock of Quasi Money: | |
| $25.27 billion (31 December 2008) $19.95 billion (31 December 2007) | |
Stock of Narrow Money: | |
| $21.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $17.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Stock of Broad Money: | |
| $56.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $45.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Stock of Domestic Credit: | |
| $44.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $36.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Market Value of Publicly Traded Shares: | |
| $160.9 billion (31 December 2010) $107.3 billion (31 December 2009) $57.2 billion (31 December 2008) | |
Agriculture - Products: | |
| Asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mango, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish; guinea pigs | |
Industries: | |
| Mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, textiles, clothing, food processing | |
Industrial Production Growth Rate: | |
| 13.6% (2010 est.) | |
Electricity - Production: | |
| 35.79 billion kWh (2010 est.) | |
Electricity - Production By Source: | |
| Fossil fuel: 14.5% Hydro: 84.7% Nuclear: 0% Other: 0.8% (2001) | |
Electricity - Consumption: | |
| 31.74 billion kWh (2009 est.) | |
Electricity - Exports: | |
| 111.9 million kWh (2010 est.) | |
Electricity - Imports: | |
| 0 kWh (2010 est.) | |
Oil - Production: | |
| 158,300 bbl/day (2010 est.) | |
Oil - Consumption: | |
| 189,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) | |
Oil - Exports: | |
| 73,280 bbl/day (2009 est.) | |
Oil - Imports: | |
| 88,080 bbl/day (2010 est.) | |
Oil - Proven Reserves: | |
| 532.7 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Production: | |
| 7.24 billion cu m (2010) | |
Natural Gas - Consumption: | |
| 3.65 billion cu m (2010) | |
Natural Gas - Exports: | |
| 3.59 billion cu m Note: in 2010 Peru became a net exporter of LNG (2010 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Imports: | |
| 0 cu m (2010) | |
Natural Gas - Proven Reserves: | |
| 345.5 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) | |
Current Account Balance: | |
| -$2.315 billion (2010 est.) $210.6 million (2009 est.) | |
Exports: | |
| $35.56 billion (2010 est.) $26.96 billion (2009 est.) | |
Exports - Commodities: | |
| Copper, gold, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, potatoes, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal | |
Exports - Partners: | |
| China 18.4%, US 16.1%, Canada 11.7%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 4.5%, Spain 4% (2010) | |
Imports: | |
| $28.82 billion (2010 est.) $21.01 billion (2009 est.) | |
Imports - Commodities: | |
| Petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines | |
Imports - Partners: | |
| US 24.7%, China 13%, Brazil 7.4%, Ecuador 4.7%, Chile 4.3%, Colombia 4.2% (2010) | |
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold: | |
| $44.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $33.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Debt - External: | |
| $42.27 billion (30 June 2011 est.) $34.25 billion (31 December 2010 est.) Note: public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009) | |
Stock of Direct Foreign Investment - Abroad: | |
| $2.095 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.88 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Stock of Direct Foreign Investment - At Home: | |
| $44.24 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $36.91 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Exchange Rates: | |
| Convert Peruvian Nuevo Sol to Any Currency Nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - | |
Telephones - Main Lines In Use: | |
| 3.16 million (2010) | |
Telephones - Cellular: | |
| 29.115 million (2010) | |
Telephone System: | |
| General assessment: adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations Domestic: fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, has increased to roughly 85 telephones per 100 persons International: country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2009) | |
Broadcast Media: | |
| 10 major television networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010) | |
Radio Broadcast Stations: | |
| AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) | |
Television Broadcast Stations: | |
| 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997) | |
Internet Country Code: | |
| .pe | |
Internet Hosts: | |
| 268,225 (2010) | |
Internet Users: | |
| 9.158 million (2009) | |
Airports: | |
| 211 (2010) | |
Airports - With Paved Runways: | |
| Total: 58 Over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 13 Under 914 m: 4 (2010) | |
Airports - With Unpaved Runways: | |
| Total: 153 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 40 Under 914 m: 87 (2010) | |
Heliports: | |
| 1 (2010) | |
Pipelines: | |
| Extra heavy crude 533 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2010) | |
Railways: | |
| Total: 2,020 km Standard gauge: 1,886 km 1.435-m gauge Narrow gauge: 134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010) | |
Roadways: | |
| Total: 102,887 km Note: includes 23,838 km of national roads, 19,049 km of departmental roads, and 60,000 km of local roads (2007) | |
Waterways: | |
| 8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2010) | |
Merchant Marine: | |
| Total: 13 By type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 7 Foreign-owned: 1 (Bahamas 1) Registered in other countries: 13 (Belize 1, Panama 12) (2010) | |
Ports and Terminals: | |
| Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries Oil terminals: Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal | |
Military Branches: | |
| Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard)), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2011) | |
Military Service Age and Obligation: | |
| 18-30 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2008) | |
Manpower Available For Military Service: | |
| Males age 16-49: 7,385,588 Females age 16-49: 7,727,623 (2010 est.) | |
Manpower Fit For Military Service: | |
| Males age 16-49: 5,788,629 Females age 16-49: 6,565,097 (2010 est.) | |
Manpower Reaching Militarily Significant Age Annually: | |
| Male: 304,094 Female: 298,447 (2010 est.) | |
Military Expenditures: | |
| 1.5% of GDP (2006) | |
Disputes - International: | |
| Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border | |
Illicit Drugs: | |
| Until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption (2011) | |
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