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| Turkmenistan Main Page · World Factbook Main Page |
INTRODUCTION
Eastern Turkmenistan for centuries formed part of the Persian province of Khurasan; in medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country once extraction and delivery projects are expanded. The Turkmen Government is actively working to diversify its gas export routes beyond the still dominant Russian pipeline network. In 2010, new gas export pipelines that carry Turkmen gas to China and to northern Iran began operating, effectively ending the Russian monopoly on Turkmen gas exports.... See More |
GEOGRAPHY
Location: | |
| Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan | |
Geographic Coordinates: | |
| 40 00 N, 60 00 E | |
Area: | |
| Total: 488,100 sq km Land: 469,930 sq km Water: 18,170 sq km | |
Area - Comparative: | |
| Slightly larger than California | |
Land Boundaries: | |
| Total: 3,736 km Border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km | |
Coastline: | |
| 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) (Rank: 242) | |
Maritime Claims: | |
| None (landlocked) | |
Climate: | |
| Subtropical desert | |
Terrain: | |
| Flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west | |
Elevation Extremes: | |
| Lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m Note: Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) | |
Natural Resources: | |
| Petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt | |
Land Use: | |
| Arable land: 4.51% Permanent crops: 0.14% Other: 95.35% (2005) | |
Irrigated Land: | |
| 18,000 sq km (2008) | |
Total Renewable Water Resources: | |
| 60.9 cu km (1997) | |
Freshwater Withdrawal: | |
| Total: 24.65 cu km/yr (2%/1%/98%) Per capita: 5,104 cu m/yr (2000) | |
Environment - Current Issues: | |
| Contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification | |
Environment - International Agreements: | |
| Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | |
Geography - Note: | |
| Landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau | |
Nationality: | |
| Noun: Turkmen(s) Adjective: Turkmen | |
Ethnic Groups: | |
| Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003) | |
Languages: | |
| Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% | |
Religions: | |
| Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2% | |
Population: | |
| 4,997,503 (July 2011 est.) | |
Age Structure: | |
| 0-14 years: 27.5% (male 696,749/female 679,936) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 1,692,885/female 1,724,019) 65 years and over: 4.1% (male 88,590/female 115,324) (2011 est.) | |
Median Age: | |
| Total: 25.3 years Male: 24.9 years Female: 25.8 years (2011 est.) | |
Population Growth Rate: | |
| 1.138% (2011 est.) | |
Birth Rate: | |
| 19.54 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) | |
Death Rate: | |
| 6.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) | |
Net Migration Rate: | |
| -1.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) | |
Urbanization: | |
| Urban population: 50% of total population (2010) Rate of urbanization: 2.2% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) | |
Major Cities - Population: | |
| ASHGABAT (capital) 637,000 (2009) | |
Sex Ratio: | |
| At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2011 est.) | |
Maternal Mortality Rate: | |
| 77 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) | |
Infant Mortality Rate: | |
| Total: 42.34 deaths/1,000 live births Male: 50.42 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 33.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.) | |
Life Expectancy At Birth: | |
| Total population: 68.52 years Male: 65.57 years Female: 71.63 years (2011 est.) | |
Total Fertility Rate: | |
| 2.16 children born/woman (2011 est.) | |
Health Expenditures: | |
| 2.3% of GDP (2009) | |
Physicians Density: | |
| 2.438 physicians/1,000 population (2007) | |
Hospital Bed Density: | |
| 4.06 beds/1,000 population (2007) | |
Drinking Water Source: | |
| Urban: 97% of population Rural: 72% of population Total: 83% of population Unimproved: Urban: 3% of population Rural: 28% of population Total: 17% of population (2000) | |
Sanitation Facility Access: | |
| Urban: 99% of population Rural: 97% of population Total: 98% of population Unimproved: Urban: 1% of population Rural: 3% of population Total: 2% of population (2008) | |
HIV/AIDS - Adult Prevalence Rate: | |
| Less than 0.1% (2007 est.) | |
HIV/AIDS - People Living With HIV/AIDS: | |
| Fewer than 200 (2007 est.) | |
HIV/AIDS - Deaths: | |
| Fewer than 100 (2004 est.) | |
Literacy: | |
| Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 98.8% Male: 99.3% Female: 98.3% (1999 est.) | |
Country Name: | |
| Conventional long form: none Conventional short form: Turkmenistan Local long form: none Local short form: Turkmenistan Former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic | |
Government Type: | |
| Defines itself as a secular democracy and a presidential republic; in actuality displays authoritarian presidential rule, with power concentrated within the presidential administration | |
Capital: | |
| Name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E Time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) | |
Administrative Divisions: | |
| 5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty Note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) | |
Independence: | |
| 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) | |
National Holiday: | |
| Independence Day, 27 October (1991) | |
Constitution: | |
| Adopted 26 September 2008 | |
Legal System: | |
| Civil law system with Islamic law influences | |
International Law Organization Participation: | |
| Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt | |
Suffrage: | |
| 18 years of age; universal | |
Executive Branch: | |
| Chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government Head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14 February 2007) Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 11 February 2007 (next to be held in February 2012) Election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW elected president; percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 89.2%, Amanyaz ATAJYKOW 3.2%, other candidates 7.6% | |
Legislative Branch: | |
| Unicameral parliament known as the National Assembly (Mejlis) (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) Elections: last held on 14 December 2008 (next to be held in December 2013) Election results: 100% of elected officials are members of either the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or its pseudo-civil society parent organization, the Revival Movement, and are preapproved by the president Note: in 26 September 2008, a new constitution of Turkmenistan abolished a second, 2,507-member legislative body known as the People's Council and expanded the number of deputies in the National Assembly from 65 to 125; the powers formerly held by the People's Council were divided up between the president and the National Assembly | |
Judicial Branch: | |
| Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president) | |
Political Parties and Leaders: | |
| Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW is chairman; Kasymguly BABAYEW is DPT Political Council First Secretary] Note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist abroad; the three most prominent opposition groups-in-exile are the National Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT), the Republican Party of Turkmenistan, and the Watan (Fatherland) Party; the NDMT was led by former Foreign Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25 November 2002 attack on President NYYAZOW's motorcade | |
International Organization Participation: | |
| ADB, CIS (associate member, has not ratified the 1993 CIS charter although it participates in meetings), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO | |
Diplomatic Representation in the US: | |
| Chief of mission: Ambassador Meret Bairamovich ORAZOW Chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 Telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500 FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697 | |
Diplomatic Representation From the US: | |
| Chief of mission: Ambassador Eileen A. MALLOY Embassy: No. 9 1984 Street (formerly Pushkin Street), Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 744000 Mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, DC 20521-7070 Telephone: [993] (12) 35-00-45 FAX: [993] (12) 39-26-14 | |
Flag Description: | |
| Green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life Note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags | |
National Symbols: | |
| Akhal-Teke horse | |
National Anthem: | |
| Name: "Garassyz, Bitarap Turkmenistanyn" (Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem) Lyrics/music: collective/Veli MUKHATOV Note: adopted 1997, lyrics revised 2008; following the death of the President Saparmurat NYYAZOW, the lyrics were altered to eliminate references to the former president | |
Economy - Overview: | |
| Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. The two largest crops are cotton, most of which is produced for export, and wheat, which is domestically consumed. Although agriculture accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, it continues to employ nearly half of the country's workforce. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton export revenues to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. From 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by an average of roughly 15% per year from 2003-08, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. New pipelines to China and Iran, that began operation in early 2010, have given Turkmenistan additional export routes for its gas, although these new routes have not offset the sharp drop in export revenue since early 2009 from decreased gas exports to Russia. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, endemic corruption, a poor educational system, government misuse of oil and gas revenues, and Ashgabat's reluctance to adopt market-oriented reforms. In the past, Turkmenistan's economic statistics were state secrets. The new government has established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Since his election, President BERDIMUHAMEDOW unified the country's dual currency exchange rate, ordered the redenomination of the manat, reduced state subsidies for gasoline, and initiated development of a special tourism zone on the Caspian Sea. Although foreign investment is encouraged, numerous bureaucratic obstacles impede international business activity. | |
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): | |
| $36.9 billion (2010 est.) $33.79 billion (2009 est.) $31.85 billion (2008 est.) Note: data are in 2010 US dollars | |
GDP (Official Exchange Rate): | |
| $27.96 billion (2010 est.) | |
GDP - Real Growth Rate: | |
| 9.2% (2010 est.) 6.1% (2009 est.) 14.7% (2008 est.) | |
GDP - Per Capita (PPP): | |
| $7,500 (2010 est.) $6,900 (2009 est.) $6,600 (2008 est.) Note: data are in 2010 US dollars | |
GDP - Composition By Sector: | |
| Agriculture: 8.3% Industry: 21.8% Services: 69.9% (2010 est.) | |
Labor Force: | |
| 2.3 million (2008 est.) | |
Labor Force - By Occupation: | |
| Agriculture: 48.2% Industry: 14% Services: 37.8% (2004 est.) | |
Unemployment Rate: | |
| 60% (2004 est.) | |
Population Below Poverty Line: | |
| 30% (2004 est.) | |
Household Income / Consumption By Share: | |
| Lowest 10%: 2.6% Highest 10%: 31.7% (1998) | |
Distribution of Family Income - Gini Index: | |
| 40.8 (1998) | |
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: | |
| Refugees (country of origin): 11,173 (Tajikistan); less than 1,000 (Afghanistan) (2007) | |
Investment (Gross Fixed): | |
| 19.7% of GDP (2010 est.) | |
Budget: | |
| Revenues: $3.018 billion Expenditures: $3.263 billion (2010 est.) | |
Taxes and Other Revenues: | |
| 10.8% of GDP (2010 est.) | |
Budget Surplus / Deficit: | |
| -0.9% of GDP (2010 est.) | |
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices): | |
| 10% (2010 est.) 4% (2009 est.) | |
Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate: | |
| 17.5% (31 December 2010 est.) 15% (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Stock of Narrow Money: | |
| $435.1 million (31 December 2010 est.) $402.8 million (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Stock of Broad Money: | |
| $1.053 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $912.3 million (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Stock of Domestic Credit: | |
| $1.158 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.263 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Agriculture - Products: | |
| Cotton, grain; livestock | |
Industries: | |
| Natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing | |
Industrial Production Growth Rate: | |
| 7.3% (2010 est.) | |
Electricity - Production: | |
| 15.5 billion kWh (2009 est.) | |
Electricity - Production By Source: | |
| Fossil fuel: 99.9% Hydro: 0.1% Nuclear: 0% Other: 0% (2001) | |
Electricity - Consumption: | |
| 13 billion kWh (2009 est.) | |
Electricity - Exports: | |
| 2.5 billion kWh (2009 est.) | |
Electricity - Imports: | |
| 1.476 billion kWh (2008 est.) | |
Oil - Production: | |
| 202,400 bbl/day (2010 est.) | |
Oil - Consumption: | |
| 119,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) | |
Oil - Exports: | |
| 97,430 bbl/day (2009 est.) | |
Oil - Imports: | |
| 0 bbl/day (2009 est.) | |
Oil - Proven Reserves: | |
| 600 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Production: | |
| 38.1 billion cu m (2009 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Consumption: | |
| 20.1 billion cu m (2009 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Exports: | |
| 18 billion cu m (2009 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Imports: | |
| 0 cu m (2009 est.) | |
Natural Gas - Proven Reserves: | |
| 7.504 trillion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) | |
Current Account Balance: | |
| -$1.105 billion (2010 est.) -$2.808 billion (2009 est.) | |
Exports: | |
| $10.55 billion (2010 est.) $8.946 billion (2009 est.) | |
Exports - Commodities: | |
| Gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, textiles, cotton fiber | |
Exports - Partners: | |
| China 28.6%, Turkey 10.6%, UAE 7.2%, Afghanistan 6.5%, Iran 6%, Italy 5.4%, Kazakhstan 4.5% (2010) | |
Imports: | |
| $8.277 billion (2010 est.) $8.071 billion (2009 est.) | |
Imports - Commodities: | |
| Machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs | |
Imports - Partners: | |
| Russia 21.6%, Turkey 20%, China 9.2%, UAE 7.7%, Germany 5.7%, Malaysia 4.6%, Ukraine 4.5% (2010) | |
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold: | |
| $17.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $17.06 billion (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Debt - External: | |
| $517.7 million (31 December 2010 est.) $575.7 million (31 December 2009 est.) | |
Exchange Rates: | |
| Convert to Any Currency Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - | |
Telephones - Main Lines In Use: | |
| 520,000 (2010) | |
Telephones - Cellular: | |
| 3.198 million (2010) | |
Telephone System: | |
| General assessment: telecommunications network remains underdeveloped and progress toward improvement is slow; strict government control and censorship inhibits liberalization and modernization Domestic: Turkmentelekom, in cooperation with foreign partners, has installed high speed fiber-optic lines and has upgraded most of the country's telephone exchanges and switching centers with new digital technology; mobile telephone usage is expanding with Russia's Mobile Telesystems (MTS) the primary service provider; combined fixed-line and mobile teledensity is about 40 per 100 persons International: country code - 993; linked by fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; an exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat (2008) | |
Broadcast Media: | |
| Broadcast media is government controlled and censored; 4 state-owned TV and 4 state-owned radio networks; satellite dishes and programming provide an alternative to the state-run media; officials sometimes limit access to satellite TV by seizing satellite dishes (2007) | |
Radio Broadcast Stations: | |
| AM 12, FM 9, shortwave 2 (2008) | |
Television Broadcast Stations: | |
| 4 (government-owned and programmed) (2008) | |
Internet Country Code: | |
| .tm | |
Internet Hosts: | |
| 794 (2010) | |
Internet Users: | |
| 80,400 (2009) | |
Airports: | |
| 27 (2010) | |
Airports - With Paved Runways: | |
| Total: 22 Over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2010) | |
Airports - With Unpaved Runways: | |
| Total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 Under 914 m: 4 (2010) | |
Heliports: | |
| 1 (2010) | |
Pipelines: | |
| Gas 7,352 km; oil 1,457 km (2010) | |
Railways: | |
| Total: 2,980 km Broad gauge: 2,980 km 1.520-m gauge (2010) | |
Roadways: | |
| Total: 58,592 km Paved: 47,577 km Unpaved: 11,015 km (2002) | |
Waterways: | |
| 1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal are important inland waterways) (2008) | |
Merchant Marine: | |
| Total: 9 By type: cargo 4, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 1 Foreign-owned: 1 (Turkey 1) (2010) | |
Ports and Terminals: | |
| Turkmenbasy | |
Military Branches: | |
| Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces (2011) | |
Military Service Age and Obligation: | |
| 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation (2009) | |
Manpower Available For Military Service: | |
| Males age 16-49: 1,380,794 Females age 16-49: 1,387,211 (2010 est.) | |
Manpower Fit For Military Service: | |
| Males age 16-49: 1,066,649 Females age 16-49: 1,185,538 (2010 est.) | |
Manpower Reaching Militarily Significant Age Annually: | |
| Male: 53,829 Female: 52,988 (2010 est.) | |
Military Expenditures: | |
| 3.4% of GDP (2005 est.) | |
Disputes - International: | |
| Cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed; bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian | |
Illicit Drugs: | |
| Transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan | |
Trafficking in Persons: | |
| Current situation: Turkmenistan is a source country for men and women subjected to forced labor and forced prostitution; women from Turkmenistan are subjected to forced prostitution in Turkey, and men and women from Turkmenistan are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Turkey, including in textile sweatshops, construction sites, and in domestic servitude; Turkmen trafficking victims were also identified for the first time in Russia, the United Kingdom, and within Turkmenistan Tier rating: Tier 3 - although the government continued discussions with IOM on providing shelter space, it did not fulfill its commitment to allocate financial or in-kind assistance to anti-trafficking organizations; the government did not show any significant efforts to investigate and prosecute trafficking crimes or to identify and protect victims of trafficking (2011) | |
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